History Of Odia Literature
Pre Sarala Period Of Odia Literature
Nath and Siddha literature flourished in Odisha during pre-Sarla period. Major works of this period are Shishu Veda (a Purana of 24 verses), Amar Kosha and Gorakh Samhita. Shishu Veda is mentioned in works of Sarla Das and later 16th century poets. It is written in Dandi Brutta.
Markanda Das
He was an ancient Indian poet. He was born in Odisha and wrote Odia literature. He was born in the 15th century. Keshaba Koili, his only composer, has come to public attention so far. Its composer Keshaba Koili describes the pain of separating Yashoda from his son Krishna. (Jagannath Dasa wrote a theological interpretation of it and composed Artha Koili.) The oldest Odia composer of Odia literature shows the connection between Vedasaptang Sarala Das's ancient Odia compositions and the Odia compositions of Markand Das.
Batsa Das
"Kalasa Chautisha" by Batsa Das is very popular. This "Kalasa" became so popular that writers after Batsa Dasa were instructed in their compositions to "Kalasa Banire Gaiba (କଲସା ବାଣୀରେ ଗାଇବ)". Due to the fact that the chutishati is very popular, it has been adopted as a prominent raga. Kalasa is mentioned in Mahabharata by Mahakabi Sarala Das.
Vedamantra Jugate Se Je Padhanti Kalasa, Bashistha Marakanda Abara Durbasa.
ବେଦମନ୍ତ୍ର ଯୁଗତେ ସେ ଯେ ପଢ଼ନ୍ତି କଳସା , ବଶିଷ୍ଠ ମାରକଣ୍ଡ ଆବର ଦୂର୍ବାସା ।
It is possible that it was mentioned in the Mahabharata as Kalasa became popular during Sarala Das's time and was revered by Sarala Das. It is not easy to say exactly when the composer of the Kalasa, Batsa Das was born. Sarala Das mentions 'Kalasa' because Batsa Das is a poet before Sarala Das.
The first phase of Chautisha begins with the letter 'KA କ ' and then the phases begin with the letter KHA ଖ, GA ଗ... respectively. From 'KA କ ' to 'KSHYA କ୍ଷ', the poem is composed of 34 letters sequentially at the root of the syllable, so it is called (34) Chautisha. There are many chutishas in Odia. A few have been printed while many remain unpublished. These chutishas occupy a very high position in the Odia literature in the place of poetry.
There is no doubt that some of the verses were written before the 15th century. Analyzing from the point of view of language and thought, it is assumed that Somnath Vrata, Nagul Chachti Vrata, Damodar Osha etc. belong to the 13th or 14th century. The language of these words is very simple and easy; The writing is also beautiful.
ଶୁଣ ହେ ନରମାନେ , ଶ୍ରୀ ନାଗୁଲ ଚୌଠୀ କଥା । ଏକ ଯେ ସାଧବ ଘର । ତାର ସାତ ବୋହୂ । ସାନ ବୋହୂକୁ ଦେଖି ନ ପାରନ୍ତି । ଏ ରୂପେ କେତେହେକ ଦନେ ଅସିଣ ଗଲା। କାର୍ତ୍ତିକ ହେଲା । ପିମ୍ପୋଇ ଅମାସ୍ୟା ଯିବାର ଚାରିଦିନେ ନାଗୁଲ ଚଉଠି ହେଲା । ଶାଶୁ ସକାଳୁ ଶ୍ରାହାନ୍ନ କଲା । ଶ୍ରୀହାନ୍ନ କରି ଓଷା ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ସଜାଡିଲା । ଆଖୁଦଣ୍ଡା ଗହନେ ଆଣିଲା । କଦଳୀ କାନ୍ଦି ଗହନେ ଆଣିଲା । ନଡ଼ିଆ କାନ୍ଦି ଗହନେ ଆଣିଲା। ଗୁଆ କାନ୍ଦି ଗହନେ ଯେ ରୁପେ ଆଣିଲା । ଲିଆ ଭାଜିଲା । ଗଯାମୁଆଁ କଲା । ରାସି ଛଡ଼ାଇଲା । ରାସ ନଡ଼ୁ କଲା । ରାସି ଗଯା କଲା । ଉଆଚୂଡ଼ା କଲା । ଆଖୁ କାଟିଲା । କଦଳୀ ଛଡ଼ାଇଲା । ରାସି ପିଣ୍ଡ କଲା । ଛେନା ପିଣ୍ଡ କଲା । ଚାଉଲ ପିଣ୍ଡ କଲା । ଆଉ ସବୁଥରୁ ଟିକିଏ ଟିକିଏ କାଢ଼ି ପିଣ୍ଡ କଲା । ଉଖୁଡ଼ା କଲା । ମରିଚ ଜୁଆଣୀ ତେଜପତ୍ର ଅଲାଇଚ ଅଦା ନଡ଼ିଆ ଏମାନ ପକାଇ ଚାରିପିଣ୍ଡ କଲା......।
The beginning of Nagul Chachti Brata is beautiful. The sentences are very short. There is no problem in expressing your opinion. The narration is also fascinating.
Khudurukuni Osha
Khudurukuni Osha has become very popular in Odisha. It is not easy to determine from what time it has been propagated and when it originated. So it can be said ethically that, at that time thousands of trades were floating in the sea, that is the beginning of the things described in it.
A number of scriptures deal with the subject of Sadhaba Pua, trade in goods, worship on the seashore, etc. This proves that the glory of Kalinga's business a thousand years ago remained in people's minds even until then. Due to innovation, this country was filled with wealth. People used to go to Java and Sumatra to trade. Its vision is found in those countries till today.
Madala Panji
Madala Panji is a historical pothi of the various dynasties that ruled in Odisha and is worshiped near Sri Jagannath at Puri Jagannath Temple. From the 12th century to the middle of the 19th century, Sri Jagannatha Culture is found in it. The text has gained literary merit in the use of various legends among the writers who have devised to write the history of the king and the temple. Madalapanji has a special place in the development of Odia prose literature both in terms of language and style.
There are different opinions regarding the naming of Madalapanji.
- 1919 - Madanmohan Chakrabrati =ମୁଦଲ/ମୁଦଳା Mudala/Mudala ବନ୍ଦ କରିବା
- 1927 - Ramaprasad Chandra = ମର୍ଦ୍ଦଲ Marddala – ମଦ୍ଦଳ Maddala– ମଦଳ Madala– ମଦଳା Madala– ମାଦଳା Madala (Mentioned In His "Odisha History" Book)
- According to Artballabh Mohanty, after writing the 'Panji', the scribes used to bind it in a mardalaka (ମର୍ଦଳାକାର) and keep it in the temple, hence it is called Madalapanji.
- According to Professor Krishnachandra Shadhangi, the adverbial meaning of 'madala' is imperfect or kantia (ଅପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବା କାନ୍ତିଆ). As Srijagannath is incomplete, he is called Madala. Madalapanji is written centered on Srijagannath, so it is right to call it 'Madalapanji'.
Although the history of Odisha has been covered by books, the writers have taken a literary approach by connecting many legends and stories. Among the Panji-mediated stories, Nitei Dhobani story during Chodgang Dev's time, Chodgang Dev's illicit love with his own daughter and penance story, Buddha Bhramana and Brahmin trial story, Anangabhima deva's story of herdsman, Sibeisamantara Jaukhia story, Blind Daita das story, Snake And Kapilendra Dev Stories are prominent. All these stories are popular among peoples.
From Chodgang to Prataprudra Deva, Sarala Das was indeed the most talented Odia poet in these five hundred years. Before Sharladas, many poets in Odisha have been immortalized by composing texts in Odia. Some famous poets and writers are briefly introduced here.
Narayanananda Abdhut Swami
Narayanananda Abdhut Swami is the author of 'Rudrasudha nidhi' Narayanand Abdhut Swami is the predecessor of Sarala Das. He is a famous yogi from Ekamarkanan (Bhubaneswar). He had deep knowledge in Vedas, Scriptures, Grammar, Puranas, Gita, Smruti, Drama, Medicine, Uluk Vidya, Kukhuk Vidya etc. He was also skilled in martial arts. "Rudrasudhanidhi" is the writing of his youth.
Govardhanacharya
A famous Sanskrit treatise called "Aryasaptashti" is composed by the poet Govardhanacharya. Some say that this poet was the Sabha Pandit of the famous King Laxmansen of the Sen clan of Banga country. He was born in Odisha and impressed by his erudition, Laxmansen took him and gave him a prominent place in his royal palace. Govardhan wrote the Tika of the famous poet Jayadeva's Gita govinda poem titled "Bhaba Prabhabini" and this is the first Tika of this poem.
Udayanacharya
Udayanacharya is a famous poet. Govardhanacharya's younger brother. The famous Megheshwar Temple of Bhubaneswar has stone inscriptions written by him. The son of Raja Chodgang of the Ganges family, Rajarajadev (12th century), was the brother-in-law of Gaja Nameshwardev.
Jayadeva
Jayadeva composed the famous poem 'Gita gobinda'. He was born in Kendrauli (Kendubilva) village of Puri district.
Bhaskar
Bhaskar was born in Odisha in the 13th century. He composed the famous Chateshwar temple inscription of Cuttack district. He was the Court Poet Of King Anangabhima II of the Ganga dynasty.
Umapati
Umapati was alive during the time of King Bhanudeva I (13th century) of the Ganges dynasty. He has written several "Raj Prashasti". The Chandraka-Devi stone inscription of the famous Anant Basudeva temple in Bhubaneswar was composed by him. This script is written in Sanskrit.
Kaviraj Sankhadhar
Kaviraj Sankhadhar is the author of a famous "Hasyarnava or Natkamelkam" text. Kaviraj Vishwanath Mahapatra, the writer of SAHITYA DARPAN, has exemplified some verses from "Hasyarnava" in his book.
Vidyadhar
The author Vidyadhar's famous "Ekabali" is Alankara book, poet Vidyadhar was the chief scholar of the Ganga dynasty king Narasinghdev I (13th century).
Narayan Das
Narayan Das rose to fame by writing a song called "Sarbang Sundari" on Jayadeva's Geet Govinda. A contemporary of Narsinghdev I, the king of Ganga dynasty.
Chandi Das
Chandi Das was a contemporary of Narsinghdev III (14th century) and a scholar of the Ganges dynasty. He has immortalized himself by writing an epitaph called 'Kabyaprakash Deepika' on the famous book 'Kabyaprakash'.
Chandrasekhar Das
Chandrasekhar Das was the Court Poet of the Ganges king Bhanudeva III (14th century). "Bhasharnava And Pushpamala" are two high-quality grantha composed by him. Bhanudeva called him 'Sandhi Vigrahak Mahapatra (ସାନ୍ଧି ବିଗ୍ରହକ ମହାପାତ୍ର)'.
Krishnananda Das
Vishwanath Kaviraj
Vishwanath Kaviraj, a famous Alankarik and poet, Vishwanath Kaviraj was a court poet of King Nishanka Bhanudeva (Bhanudeva 4th, 14th - 15th century) of the Ganges dynasty. He has been immortalized by writing an Alankarik granth called 'Sahitya Darpan'. He has composed a high quality play called 'Chandrakala Natika'. Bhanudeva also called him 'Sandhi Vigrahak Mahapatra'. He was also court poet of Bhanudeva's father Narsinghdev (IV). He composed the poem "Narasingh Vijayam" in that period. He also wrote several books such as "Kubalayashwacharitam, Prabhabati Parinayam, Raghaba vilas Mahakabyam, Kabyaprakashdarpanam". "SAHITYA DARPAN" is a highly sophisticated text among the alankarika texts. Even after five hundred years of its writing, this book has occupied an unprecedented place in the world of alankar.
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